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been a big rise in unemployment.
" The town is a long way from the nearest big city. However, there is a good bus service.
" A series of studies 20 years ago suggested that there was a link between watching
violent films and violent behaviour. Nevertheless, the results remain highly
controversial.
" It was very hard digging in the dry ground, but the work was satisfying nevertheless.
STUDY NOTE: Grammar
However is usually used in the middle of a sentence, separated from the rest of the
sentence by commas:: Jack and his family managed to escape before the soldiers
arrived. Other families in the village, however, were less lucky.
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Or it comes at the beginning of a sentence: He began his academic career as a
mathematician. However, his main achievements were in the field of nuclear physics.
Nevertheless is usually used at the beginning of a sentence, or at the end.
whereas / while conjunction used when making comparisons and saying that
something is true of one person, thing, or situation, but it is different for another.
Whereas and while are used when contrasting one clause with another in the same
sentence:
" Taxes make up 62% of the price of a litre of petrol in France, whereas in Britain, the
tax is 75%.
" Some people visit their doctor once every few weeks, while others may not visit a
doctor for several years.
" Whereas in most of the world they drive on the right, in the UK and Japan they drive on
the left.
by contrast used when making comparisons and saying that a person, thing, or
situation is very different from the one you have just mentioned. By contrast is used
when referring back to the previous sentence:
" The surface temperature on Venus is higher than the boiling point of water. Mars, by
contrast, is very cold
" A report by the FBI shows that 26% of female murder victims in 1995 were killed by
their husbands or boyfriends. By contrast, only 3% of male victims were killed by their
wives or girlfriends.
yet conjunction used when introducing a fact that seems surprising after what you have
just said:
" Last summer there was a drought, yet some people were still watering their gardens
every day.
" We all know that fibre is important for good health. And yet all the natural fibre is
removed from many foods such as white bread and sugar.
even so used when saying that something is true, in spite of a fact that you have just
mentioned:
" Morris's furniture is distinctly English. Even so, the sale drew a lot of American interest.
" The economy continues to do well, but even so, many analysts are predicting a
slowdown in the near future.
in spite of / despite preposition even though something happens or is true:
" This was a dinosaur that weighed only 10 tons, in spite of being some 28 metres long.
" In spite of everything that has happened, life is still getting better for many Russians.
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" Despite his lack of formal education, he became one of the world's leading
mathematicians.
" Many people are worried that cellphones may be dangerous to health, despite the fact
that most of the research suggests that there is little risk.
4. Words meaning 'if'
if conjunction used when talking about the possibility that something might happen or be
true:
" If the scientists' predictions are correct, average global temperatures could rise by 6
degrees.
" He faced a long prison sentence if the court found him guilty.
" The report said that the accident could have been avoided if the correct safety
procedures had been followed.
" Most countries are prepared to use force, if necessary, to protect their national
interests.
" The patient should be kept in the same position, if possible.
" The injury needed to be treated immediately. If not, infection could set in.
" The British authorities could not help, even if they wanted to.
STUDY NOTE: Grammar
When using if to talk about the future, you normally use the simple present tense.
For example, don't say 'If it will rain, the game will be canceled', when you mean: If it
rains, the game will be canceled.
unless conjunction if something does not happen, or if someone does not do
something:
" Unless something is done quickly, developing countries will fall even further behind
Western countries.
" The star is really difficult to see unless the sky is dark and very clear.
" The doctors said they could not treat the boy unless and until his parents gave their
permission.
whether or not used when saying that it does not matter if something happens or
not, or if something is true or not:
" Research showed that six out of 10 patients got better on their own, whether or not
they received treatment.
" Whether or not you agree with what she is saying, her articles are always interesting
and thought-provoking.
otherwise adverb used when saying that there will be a bad result if someone does
not do something, or if something does not happen:
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